Sunday, November 26, 2006

Family Code of the Philippines: Primer on marriage

Update as of April 25, 2018:

“SC recognizes divorce in marriage with foreigners”
(Rappler)



The Supreme Court (SC) en banc issued a landmark ruling on Tuesday, April 24, recognizing divorce in marriages with foreigners.

Voting 10-3-1, the SC en banc ruled “that a foreign divorce secured by a Filipino against a foreign spouse is also considered valid in the Philippines, even if it is the Filipino spouse who files for divorce abroad.”

“Republic of the Philippines v. Marelyn Tanedo Manalo” G.R. No. 221029. April 24, 2018

Based on a clear and plain reading of paragraph 2 of Article 26 (Family Code), the provision only requires that there be a divorce validly obtained abroad. The letter of the law does not demand that the alien spouse should be the one who initiated the proceedings wherein the divorce decree was granted. It does not distinguish whether the Filipino spouse is the petitioner or the respondent in the foreign divorce proceeding.”

Related posts:

1. If husband and wife have not seen each other for more than seven years, does it mean their marriage is already void?

2. If a person gets married while his petition for declaration of nullity of his first marriage is ongoing, can he be charged with bigamy?

3. Quickie marriages under Article 34 of the Family Code: Is the marriage void if the affidavit of marital cohabitation is false?

4. Legal lessons from the Kris Aquino - James Yap breakup: legal separation, annulment, declaration of nullity, essential and formal requisites of marriage

5. Irreconcilable differences not a ground for declaring a marriage null and void

6. When a man is married to or living in with several women successively or simultaneously, who has the right to inherit from him?

(Note: Click the graphic to download a free PDF newsletter on this topic. This PDF is for your personal, non-commercial use only; you must not upload it to any website, blog, file-sharing platform, or the cloud.)

Starting this week, I will be posting primers on the various provisions of the Family Code of the Philippines. For this week, the primer is on the basic provisions on marriage, specifically Articles 1 to 34. Please surf over to Title I, Articles 1 to 54 which comprise the complete provisions of the Family Code on marriage.

You may also want to review my previous articles on “covenant marriage” and “divorce and remarriage” from the Philippine legal standpoint. I discussed these articles with pastors and workers who attended the Baptist Mission Partners symposium last week.

How does the Family Code define “marriage”?

Marriage is a special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman entered into in accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal and family life. It is the foundation of the family and an inviolable social institution whose nature, consequences, and incidents are governed by law and not subject to stipulation, except that marriage settlements may fix the property relations during the marriage within the limits provided by this Code. (Article 1)

What are the essential requisites that make a marriage valid?

Republic of the Philippines vs. Liberty Albios, G.R. No. 198780, October 16, 2013

Issue:

Is a marriage, entered into for the sole purpose of acquiring American citizenship in exchange for $2,000, void on the ground of lack of consent?

Background facts:

Liberty Albios asked Daniel Lee Fringer to marry her so that she can acquire American citizenship. In return, Albios promised to give Fringer $2,000. After the wedding, they went their separate ways. Fringer returned to the United States and never again communicated with Albios. In turn, Albios did not pay Fringer the $2,000 because he never processed her petition for citizenship.

Regional Trial Court rules that Albios and Fringer’s marriage is void for lack of consent

Albios filed with the Regional Trial Court a petition for declaration of nullity of her marriage with Fringer. She described their marriage as made in jest and, therefore, null and void ab initio (from the start). The RTC ruled that the essential requisite of consent was lacking and that when marriage was entered into for a purpose other than the establishment of a conjugal and family life, the marriage was a farce.

Court of Appeals affirms RTC ruling

The Court of Appeals affirmed the RTC ruling that the essential requisite of consent was lacking. The CA stated that Albios and Fringer clearly did not understand the nature and consequence of getting married and that their case was similar to a marriage in jest. It further explained that Albios and Fringer never intended to enter into the marriage contract and never intended to live as husband and wife or build a family. It concluded that their purpose was primarily for personal gain, that is, for Albios to obtain foreign citizenship, and for Fringer, the consideration of $2,000.

Supreme Court rules that the marriage is valid

Albios and Fringer’s marriage is not void ab initio (from the start) and continues to be valid and subsisting.

Consent was not lacking between Albios and Fringer. Their consent was conscious and intelligent as they understood the nature and the beneficial and inconvenient consequences of their marriage. Their consent was freely given as best evidenced by their conscious purpose of acquiring American citizenship through marriage. Such plainly demonstrates that they willingly and deliberately contracted the marriage.

Motives for entering into a marriage are varied and complex. The State does not and cannot dictate on the kind of life that a couple chooses to lead. Thus, marriages entered into for other purposes, limited or otherwise, such as convenience, companionship, money, status, and title, provided that they comply with all the legal requisites, are equally valid. Love, though the ideal consideration in a marriage contract, is not the only valid cause for marriage. Other considerations, not precluded by law, may validly support a marriage.

Albios has indeed made a mockery of the sacred institution of marriage. Allowing her marriage with Fringer to be declared void would only further trivialize this inviolable institution. The Court cannot declare such a marriage void in the event the parties fail to qualify for immigration benefits, after they have availed of its benefits, or simply have no further use for it. These unscrupulous individuals cannot be allowed to use the courts as instruments in their fraudulent schemes. Albios already misused a judicial institution to enter into a marriage of convenience; she should not be allowed to again abuse it to get herself out of an inconvenient situation.
Article 2 provides that a marriage is valid if these essential requisites are present:

(1) Legal capacity of the contracting parties who must be a male and a female; and

(2) Consent freely given in the presence of the solemnizing officer.

What are the formal requisites of marriage?

The formal requisites of marriage according to Article 3 are:

(1) Authority of the solemnizing officer;

(2) A valid marriage license except in the cases provided for in Chapter 2 of this Title; and

(3) A marriage ceremony which takes place with the appearance of the contracting parties before the solemnizing officer and their personal declaration that they take each other as husband and wife in the presence of not less than two witnesses of legal age.

What is the effect if an essential or formal requisite is absent?

The absence of any of the essential or formal requisites renders the marriage void ab initio, except as stated in Article 35 (2).

What is the effect if any of the essential requisites is defective?

A defect in any of the essential requisites does not affect the validity of the marriage but the party or parties responsible for the irregularity will be civilly, criminally and administratively liable.

What is the age at which a man or woman can get married?

Any male or female of the age of eighteen years or upwards not under any of the impediments mentioned in Articles 37 and 38, may contract marriage.

(Note: Before the Family Code became effective in August 3, 1988, the minimum age for marriage under the New Civil Code of the Philippines was 16 for men and 14 for women.)

Is there any prescribed form for the marriage ceremony?

No prescribed form or religious rite for the solemnization of the marriage is required. It is necessary, however, for the contracting parties to appear personally before the solemnizing officer and declare in the presence of not less than two witnesses of legal age that they take each other as husband and wife. This declaration must be contained in the marriage certificate which must be signed by the contracting parties and their witnesses and attested by the solemnizing officer.

If a party cannot sign the marriage certificate, what can be done?

In case of a marriage in articulo mortis, when the party at the point of death is unable to sign the marriage certificate, it is sufficient for one of the witnesses to the marriage to write the name of said party, which fact must be attested by the solemnizing officer.

Who are authorized to solemnize marriages?

Art. 7. Marriage may be solemnized by:

(1) Any incumbent member of the judiciary within the court's jurisdiction;

(2) Any priest, rabbi, imam, or minister of any church or religious sect duly authorized by his church or religious sect and registered with the civil registrar general, acting within the limits of the written authority granted by his church or religious sect and provided that at least one of the contracting parties belongs to the solemnizing officer's church or religious sect;

(3) Any ship captain or airplane chief only in the case mentioned in Article 31;

(4) Any military commander of a unit to which a chaplain is assigned, in the absence of the latter, during a military operation, likewise only in the cases mentioned in Article 32;

(5) Any consul-general, consul or vice-consul in the case provided in Article 10.

Note: The Local Government Code of 1991 restored to the mayors their authority to solemnize marriages

For Filipinos residing or traveling abroad and who want to get married, who can solemnize the marriage?

The consul-general, the consul, or vice-consul of the Republic of the Philippines can solemnize the marriage.

What can be done if upon applying for a marriage license, the parties cannot produce their birth certificates?

The presentation of birth or baptismal certificate is not required if the parents of the contracting parties appear personally before the local civil registrar concerned and swear to the correctness of the lawful age of the parties, as stated in the application, or when the local civil registrar is, by merely looking at the applicants upon their personally appearing before him, convinced that either or both of them have the required age. (Last paragraph, Article 12)

What are the requirements of the Local Civil Registrar if either of the contracting parties was previously married?

The previously married applicant must furnish, instead of the birth or baptismal certificate, the death certificate of the deceased spouse, or the judicial decree of the absolute divorce, or the judicial decree of annulment or declaration of nullity of the previous marriage.

In case the death certificate cannot be secured, the party must make an affidavit stating this circumstance, actual civil status, and the name and date of death of the deceased spouse. (Article 13)

What is the effectivity of the marriage license once issued?

The license is valid in any part of the Philippines for a period of one hundred twenty days from the date of issue, and it is automatically canceled at the expiration of the period if the contracting parties have not used it. The expiry date must be stamped in bold characters on the face of every license issued. (Article 20)

What are the requirements if a foreigner wants to get married here in the Philippines?

When either or both of the contracting parties are citizens of a foreign country, they must submit a certificate of legal capacity to contract marriage, issued by their respective diplomatic or consular officials, before a marriage license can be obtained.

Stateless persons or refugees from other countries must, instead of the certificate of legal capacity, submit an affidavit stating the circumstances showing their capacity to contract marriage. (Article 21)

What are the rules for marriages entered into by Filipinos in foreign countries?

All marriages solemnized outside the Philippines under the laws in force in the country where they were solemnized, and valid there as such, are also be valid in this country, except those prohibited under Articles 35 (1), (4), (5) and (6), 36, 37 and 38.

Where a marriage between a Filipino citizen and a foreigner is validly celebrated and a divorce is afterwards validly obtained abroad by the alien spouse capacitating him or her to remarry, the Filipino spouse has the capacity to remarry under Philippine law. (Article 26, as amended by Executive Order 227)

Under what circumstances will a marriage license no longer be required?

In case either or both of the contracting parties are at the point of death, the marriage may be solemnized without necessity of a marriage license and will remain valid even if the ailing party subsequently survives. (Article 27)

If the residence of either party is so located that there is no means of transportation to enable the party to appear personally before the local civil registrar, the marriage may be solemnized without necessity of a marriage license. (Article 28)

Marriages among Muslims or among members of the ethnic cultural communities may be performed validly without the necessity of marriage license, provided they are solemnized in accordance with their customs, rites or practices. (Article 33)

No license is necessary for the marriage of a man and a woman who have lived together as husband and wife for at least five years and without any legal impediment to marry each other. The contracting parties must state these facts in an affidavit before any person authorized by law to administer oaths. The solemnizing officer must also state under oath that he ascertained the qualifications of the contracting parties and found no legal impediment to the marriage. (Article 34; please read “Quickie marriages under Article 34 of the Family Code: Is the marriage void if the affidavit of marital cohabitation is false?”)

What are the rules for marriages performed by a ship captain or a pilot?

A marriage in articulo mortis between passengers or crew members may also be solemnized by a ship captain or by an airplane pilot not only while the ship is at sea or the plane is in flight, but also during stopovers at ports of call. (Article 31)

What are the rules for marriages performed by a military commander?

A military commander of a unit, who is a commissioned officer, has the authority to solemnize marriages in articulo mortis between persons within the zone of military operation, whether members of the armed forces or civilians. (Article 32)

Can I get married to my first cousin?

No, you cannot. You are related to your cousin by four civil degrees. Because of public policy, the Family Code prohibits marriage between persons related within the 4th degree of consanguinity (Article 38 of the Family Code).

Here’s how to count the number of degrees: From you to your father or mother, that is one degree. From your father or mother, to your grandparents, that is another civil degree. From your grandparents to your uncle or aunt, that is another degree. And from your uncle or aunt to your first cousin, is another degree, making a total of four degrees.

410 comments :

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Atty. Gerry T. Galacio said...

Kriz,

[1] Please read my post “Support for abandoned woman and family” (look for the link in the sidebar).

[2] Your sister can file RA 9262 “Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004” cases against her husband. Please read my RA 9262 posts (look for the links in the sidebar).

Your sister can ask for help from the government offices (DSWD, NBI, PNP, etc) I listed in the sidebar.

Anonymous said...

if a man and a woman got their biological child before their marriage, is it true that they have to adopt the child to be a legitimate child of them? help please!

Anonymous said...

atty, follow question ko po..will the child be registered under the surname of the mother? and once they got married, the father has to adopt the child in order to carry his surname? thanks, ahm

Anonymous said...

Dear Atty. Galacio,

Thank you for your immediate reply to my post. It would be very helpful to us. As an update to my sister's situation, we went to the NBI to seek their assistance but they required us to get the current address of man involved (which is my sister's husband). We searched his whereabouts and found out that they have plan to get married in church, actually we went to the church in Sampaloc and we confirmed that they are getting married (my sister's husband and the mistress) by the end of this month. The priest told us that they provided all the requirements for marriage, how could it be?? my sister and him is legally married and I am one of the witnesses. We presented to the priest all the legal documents (NSO copy of their marriage certificate, SSS and Income Tax of her husband)that we have to prove that this man is legally married to my sister. Is it possible for them to get married in church while the man is still married with my sister? can we file a case against him right now? or do we need to wait them until they got married before we file the case? so we will have a strong complaint against him.

My sister is too worried about her safety because she's receiving threats from him.

Thank you so much and looking forward to your immediate reply on this issue.

God bless and more power! - kriz

Atty. Gerry T. Galacio said...

Kriz,

You do not have to wait until he is married before your sister can file an RA 9262 case against him. But it will also be advantageous for your sister to wait until he gets married; this way, your sister can also file a bigamy case against him. Bigamy is just a matter of records and is easy to prove.

Your sister can report to the NBI or the PNP these threats against her.

Atty. Gerry T. Galacio said...

I have to qualify my answer:

[1] If the child was conceived at a time when there was no legal impediment or obstacle (like minority or being below 18, or being married to another party) on the part of either the father or mother, then the child can be legitimated under Articles 177 to 182 of the Family Code. The father and mother just have to submit to the Local Civil Registrar the required documents for legitimation.

Please take note in the case of minority or being below 18 when the child was conceived, there are bills in Congress which seek to amend these portions of the Family Code. The pending bills seek to remove minority as a legal impediment or obstacle for the legitimation of a child. Please read my posts on legitimation (look for the links in the sidebar or use the blog search form at the tip of this page).

[2] If the child was conceived however when there was a legal impediment or obstacle on the part of either the father or mother, then legitimation will not apply. Adoption may be the proper remedy. Please read my post on adoption (look for the link in the sidebar).

Anonymous said...

hi atty,
i am separated now for 2 yrs and 2 months. My husband left us for another girl and they are living together since then till now.. this year i decided to commit to a separated man ( 20 yrs separated, his wife with foreigner husband , married in australia with 2 kids already).. This guy is asking me if he can marry me, and wanted me to be with him in the middle east. we are both filipinos.. we can not afford an annulment yet and it is quite long to wait. He wanted to get me if possible this year, what will be the best thing to do so that we can be together here or even in his place of work ( middle east).We dont want to live together without marriage and besides we can not stay as spouses in his workplace unless we have proofs. Another thing, what if my ex husband is willing to sign an agreement that he will not run after me anymore. will this be enough for us to get married here.
Please help us
thanks for your time..

Atty. Gerry T. Galacio said...

[1] “This guy is asking me if he can marry me, and wanted me to be with him in the middle east. we are both filipinos.. we can not afford an annulment yet and it is quite long to wait.”

As Filipinos, you are bound by our laws wherever you may be; this is provided for by Article 15 of the New Civil Code of the Philippines. Thus, to be legally married again, you will have to first obtain from Philippine courts a decree of nullity of your previous marriage.

[2] “what if my ex husband is willing to sign an agreement that he will not run after me anymore. will this be enough for us to get married here.”

No, such an agreement is illegal and immoral as the Supreme Court ruled as early as the 1930s. Please read my post “Can a husband and wife in a notarized document declare that they are free to marry other persons and they will not file charges against each other?” (look for the link in the sidebar).

Anonymous said...

my sister is a filipino citizen she got married with a guy with a petition from canada, they got married here in the philippines...now after 8 years and one kid they want to get a divorce the guy is now a canadian citizen...can divorce apply if the guy applies for it?

Atty. Gerry T. Galacio said...

Please avoid double posting. This makes things difficult for me.

Since the man is now a Canadian citizen, he (not your sister) can file for divorce. Please ask your sister to read my posts “Divorce obtained abroad by a Filipino not recognized here” and “The right of a divorced Filipino spouse to remarry under Article 26 of the Family Code” (look for the links in the sidebar).

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